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The Highlander Research and Education Center, located in New Market, Tennessee, in the southern Appalachian Mountains, serves grass-roots social change movements in the southern and Appalachian regions of the USA. Founded in 1932, in Summerfield, Grundy County, as Highlander Folk School during the Great Depression, it became an educational centre for labour organizing in the 1930s. Racial segregation was legal in all the southern states, and Highlander, as an integrated facility, became a centre for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1940s and 1950s. Threatened by Highlander's work for civil rights, the state of Tennessee closed the centre in 1961 and revoked the charter, and Highlander lost the Grundy County site. Highlander leaders quickly re-chartered as Highlander Research and Education Center, and educational efforts continued, first in Knoxville, Tennessee, and then, beginning in 1971, at the workshop centre in New Market, Tennessee. In the 1960s and 1970s, Highlander was involved with groups related to coal mining and poverty issues in central Appalachia. Since the 1980s, education programmes have focused on economic justice, human rights, environmental sustainability and democratic governance. Research for organizing efforts has always been a part of Highlander's work but developed into a more overt strategy with community economic and environmental efforts in the late 1970s and 1980s. This entry covers the history of the Highlander Center, information about Highlander's educational process and the development of Participatory Action Research as part of that process, with examples of how those processes supported organizing efforts in the southern and Appalachian regions of the USA.

Education at the Highlander Center

Highlander developed an education philosophy and practice to support participants from marginalized communities who share and analyze their experiences in order to bring about social change. Myles Horton, one of Highlander's founders, was very influential in the development of Highlander's educational methods (which he called ‘education for social change’) until his death in 1990. Workshops develop relationships through which participants find commonalities and differences, analyze their situations and explore new ideas for strategies in order to return home stronger and better prepared to address issues and build long-lasting efforts with other groups. Highlander staff also visit and work in local communities and with larger networks and organizing efforts. Highlander supports people and groups to build their capacities to strengthen organizing, building networks and, hopefully, movements. Participants eat together, share sleeping space and interact also during breaks, campfires and free time. These times are as important as the planned workshop meetings for building connections.

Out of Highlander's workshops, new organizations, initiatives and movements sometimes form. The Citizenship School programme, led by Septima Clark in the 1950s, began in the African American community on John's Island, South Carolina, and became an outstanding programme that spread throughout the South. John's Island is one of the Sea Islands off the southern coast of the USA, where families of former slaves remained after the Civil War. Esau Jenkins, a leader from John's Island, attended a 1954 workshop on the United Nations at Highlander. During the workshop, Jenkins shared his experience that the problem they had was barriers to voting for African Americans. There was a literacy test for voter registration in South Carolina that required people to be able to read a section of the state constitution.

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