Using a truly accessible and reader-friendly approach, this comprehensive introduction to statistics redefines the way statistics can be taught and learned. Unlike other books that merely focus on procedures, Reid’s approach balances development of critical thinking skills with application of those skills to contemporary statistical analysis. He goes beyond simply presenting techniques by focusing on the key concepts readers need to master in order to ensure their long-term success. Indeed, this exciting new book offers the perfect foundation upon which readers can build as their studies and careers progress to more advanced forms of statistics. Keeping computational challenges to a minimum, Reid shows readers not only how to conduct a variety of commonly used statistical procedures, but also when each procedure should be utilized and how they are related. Following a review of descriptive statistics, he begins his discussion of inferential statistics with a two-chapter examination of the Chi Square test to introduce students to hypothesis testing, the importance of determining effect size, and the need for post hoc tests. When more complex procedures related to interval/ratio data are covered, students already have a solid understanding of the foundational concepts involved. Exploring challenging topics in an engaging and easy-to-follow manner, Reid builds concepts logically and supports learning through robust pedagogical tools, the use of SPSS, numerous examples, historical quotations, insightful questions, and helpful progress checks.

Describing Interval and Ratio Data—I : An Introduction to the Descriptive Statistics Used With Interval or Ratio Data

Describing Interval and Ratio Data—I : An Introduction to the Descriptive Statistics Used With Interval or Ratio Data

Statistical thinking will one day be as necessary for efficient citizenship as the ability to read and write.

—H. G. Wells

With data measured at the interval level or the ratio level, the magnitude of the difference between scores is known as well as their order. For instance, as this chapter is being written, the deadline for filing taxes is fast approaching. The Internal Revenue Service could compare the individual tax returns it receives and determine not only whether one person makes more than another but how much more. This is because income is measured on a ratio scale. For instance, let’s assume that Table 3.1 lists the ...

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