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Ladder of Inference
The ladder of inference is a key tool of Action Science—one approach to action research. The ladder is a model of our reasoning steps as we assess a situation and decide what action to take (Figure 1). This entry describes the features of the ladder and how it can be used to help people reflect on their ...
- Alinsky, Saul
- Academic Discourse
- Epistemology
- Covenantal Ethics
- Capacity Building
- Action Evaluation
- Action Learning
- Cycles of Action and Reflection
- Antigonish Movement
- Action Turn, The
- Action Anthropology
- Dissertation Writing
- Christian Spirituality of Action
- Activity Theory
- Asset Mapping
- Argyris, Chris
- Agency
- Experiential Knowing
- Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
- Citizen Participation
- Advocacy and Inquiry
- Action Science
- Data Analysis
- Centre for Action Research in Professional Practice
- Aesthetics
- Adult Education
- Facilitation
- Confucian Principles
- Complexity Theory
- Force Field Analysis
- Bateson, Gregory
- Appreciative Intelligence
- Experiential Learning
- Feminist Ethics
- Co-Generative Learning
- Autobiography
- Anti-Oppression Research
- Disseminating Action Research
- Collaborative Action Research Network
- Communitarianism
- Agriculture and Ecological Integrity
- Supervising Action Research Theses and Dissertations
- Islamic Practice
- Constructivism
- Geographic Information Systems
- Boal, Augusto
- Authenticity
- Extended Epistemology
- Indigenous Research Ethics and Practice
- Environmental Justice
- Bricolage Process
- Appreciative Inquiry and Research Methodology
- Gender Issues
- Community Design Centres
- Critical Constructivism
- Community Development
- Teaching Action Researchers
- Jewish Belief, Thought and Practice
- Feminism
- Ladder of Inference
- Chataway, Cynthia Joy
- Bakhtinian Dialogism
- Hawaiian Epistemology
- Institutional Review Board
- Knowledge Mobilization
- Case Study
- Appreciative Inquiry and Sustainable Value Creation
- Generalizability
- Community-University Partnership Programme
- Critical Pedagogy
- Criminal Justice Systems
- Karma Theory
- Field Theory
- Ladder of Participation
- Dewey, John
- Bildung
- Māori Epistemology
- Local Self-Governance
- Citizen Report Card
- Arts-Based Action Research
- Information and Communications Technology and Organizational Change
- Community-Campus Partnerships for Health
- Critical Race Theory
- Design Research
- Liberation Theology
- Humanism
- Learning Pathways Grid
- Emery, Fred
- Community of Inquiry
- Practical Knowing
- Social Accountability
- Citizens' Juries
- Asset-Based Community Development
- Integrating Grounded Theory
- Community-University Research Partnerships
- Critical Realism
- Development Action Research
- Mindful Inquiry
- Liberation Psychology
- Fals Borda, Orlando
- Communities of Practice
- Ubuntu
- Social Justice
- Cognitive Mapping
- Citizen Science
- Intersubjectivity
- Cornell Participatory Action Research Network
- Frankfurt School
- Educational Action Research
- Theological Action Research
- Living Theories
- Freire, Paulo
- Conscientization
- Women's Political Empowerment
- Collaborative Data Analysis
- Classroom-Based Action Research
- Meta-Methodology
- Dig Where You Stand Movement
- Hermeneutics
- Environment and Climate Change
- Marxism
- Gadamer, Hans-Georg
- Critical Friend
- Community Dialogue
- Clinical Inquiry
- Mode 1 and Mode 2 Knowledge Production
- Disabled People's Organizations
- Ontology
- Evaluation
- Post-Colonial Theory
- Horton, Myles
- Critical Reference Group
- Community Mapping
- Collaborative Action Research
- Quality
- Global Alliance for Community-Engaged Research
- Phenomenology
- Health Care
- Postmodernism
- Kincheloe, Joe
- Dialogue
- Computer-Based Instruction
- Collaborative Developmental Action Inquiry
- Reliability
- Gonogobeshona
- Philosophy of Science
- Health Education
- Pragmatism
- Lewin, Kurt
- Double-Loop Learning
- Concept Mapping
- Collaborative Management Research
- Rigour
- Grameen Bank
- Phrónêsis
- Health Promotion
- Relational-Cultural Theory
- marino, dian
- Empowerment
- Conflict Management
- Community-Based Participatory Research
- Transferability
- Highlander Research and Education Center
- Positive Organizational Scholarship and Appreciative Inquiry
- Higher Education
- Social Constructionism
- Martín-Baró, Ignacio
- Engaged Scholarship
- Convergent Interviewing
- Community-Based Research
- Validity
- Institute of Development Studies
- Praxeology
- HIV Prevention and Support
- Social Learning
- Nielsen, Kurt Aagaard
- Hegemony
- Critical Reflection
- Comprehensive District Planning
- International Council for Adult Education
- Praxis
- Human Rights
- Socio-Technical Systems
- Noffke, Susan
- Heteroglossia
- Democratic Dialogue
- Co-Operative Inquiry
- International Participatory Research Network
- Téchnê
- Information Systems
- Symbolic Interactionism
- Schön, Donald
- Heutagogy
- Descriptive Review
- Critical Action Learning
- Jipemoyo Project
- Insider Action Research
- Theories of Action
- Toulmin, Stephen
- Identity
- Development Coalitions
- Critical Participatory Action Research
- LGBT
- Inter-Organizational Action Research
- Whyte, William Foote
- Knowledge Democracy
- Dialogue Conferences
- Critical Utopian Action Research
- Maya Women of Chajul
- Labour-Managed Firms
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig
- Metaphor
- Digital Storytelling
- Dialogic Inquiry
- Mondragón Co-Operatives
- New Product Development
- Non-Indigenous Ally
- Discourse Analysis
- Ethnography
- Norwegian Industrial Democracy Movement
- Nursing
- Organizational Culture
- Fishbone Diagram
- Evaluative Inquiry
- Office of Community-Based Research
- Operations Management
- Positionality
- Focus Groups
- Feminist Participatory Action Research
- Research Initiatives, Bangladesh
- Organization Development
- Subalternity
- Interviews
- First Person Action Research
- Social Movement Learning Movement
- Participatory Disaster Management
- Sustainability
- Journaling
- Grounded Theory
- Society for Participatory Research in Asia
- Project Management
- Systems Thinking
- Listening Guide
- Indigenist Research
- Tavistock Institute
- Regional Development
- Tacit Knowledge
- Microplanning
- Indigenous Research Methods
- Work Research Institute, The
- Subaltern Studies
- Taylorism
- Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue
- Interactive Research
- World Congresses of Action Research
- Voluntary Sector
- Technical Action Research
- Narrative Inquiry
- Intervention Research in Management
- Workers' Participation in Occupational Health and Safety
- Tempered Radical
- Organizational Storytelling
- Large-Group Action Research
- Work-Family Interventions
- Transformative Learning
- Participatory Monitoring
- Learning History
- Vivencia
- Photovoice
- Living Life as Inquiry
- Voice
- Research Circles
- Narrative
- Search Conference
- Oral History
- Social Audit
- Participatory Action Research
- Stakeholder Analysis
- Participatory Design Programming
- Storytelling
- Participatory Governance
- World Café, The
- Participatory Learning and Action
- Participatory Rapid Appraisal
- Participatory Rural Appraisal
- Participatory Theatre
- Participatory Urban Planning
- Performed Ethnography
- Practice Development
- Practitioner Inquiry
- Pragmatic Action Research
- Process Consultation
- Qualimetrics Intervention Research
- Quantitative Methods
- Reflective Practice
- Second Person Action Research
- Soft Systems Methodology
- Strategic Planning
- Strengths-Based Approach
- Systemic Action Research
- Systems Psychodynamics
- Theatre of the Oppressed
- Third Person Action Research
- Transpersonal Inquiry
- Work-Based Learning
- Youth Participatory Action Research
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