Ladder of Inference
Encyclopedia
The ladder of inference is a key tool of Action Science—one approach to action research. The ladder is a model of our reasoning steps as we assess a situation and decide what action to take (Figure 1). This entry describes the features of the ladder and how it can be used to help people reflect on their ...
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Reader's Guide
- Alinsky, Saul
- Argyris, Chris
- Bateson, Gregory
- Boal, Augusto
- Chataway, Cynthia Joy
- Dewey, John
- Emery, Fred
- Fals Borda, Orlando
- Freire, Paulo
- Gadamer, Hans-Georg
- Horton, Myles
- Kincheloe, Joe
- Lewin, Kurt
- marino, dian
- Martín-Baró, Ignacio
- Nielsen, Kurt Aagaard
- Noffke, Susan
- Schön, Donald
- Toulmin, Stephen
- Whyte, William Foote
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig
- Academic Discourse
- Agency
- Appreciative Intelligence
- Authenticity
- Bakhtinian Dialogism
- Bildung
- Community of Inquiry
- Communities of Practice
- Conscientization
- Critical Friend
- Critical Reference Group
- Dialogue
- Double-Loop Learning
- Empowerment
- Engaged Scholarship
- Hegemony
- Heteroglossia
- Heutagogy
- Identity
- Knowledge Democracy
- Metaphor
- Non-Indigenous Ally
- Organizational Culture
- Positionality
- Subalternity
- Sustainability
- Systems Thinking
- Tacit Knowledge
- Taylorism
- Technical Action Research
- Tempered Radical
- Transformative Learning
- Vivencia
- Voice
- Epistemology
- Experiential Knowing
- Experiential Learning
- Extended Epistemology
- Hawaiian Epistemology
- Māori Epistemology
- Practical Knowing
- Ubuntu
- Covenantal Ethics
- Ethics and Moral Decision-Making
- Feminist Ethics
- Indigenous Research Ethics and Practice
- Institutional Review Board
- Capacity Building
- Citizen Participation
- Co-Generative Learning
- Environmental Justice
- Knowledge Mobilization
- Local Self-Governance
- Social Accountability
- Social Justice
- Women's Political Empowerment
- Action Evaluation
- Advocacy and Inquiry
- Autobiography
- Bricolage Process
- Case Study
- Citizen Report Card
- Citizens' Juries
- Cognitive Mapping
- Collaborative Data Analysis
- Community Dialogue
- Community Mapping
- Computer-Based Instruction
- Concept Mapping
- Conflict Management
- Convergent Interviewing
- Critical Reflection
- Democratic Dialogue
- Descriptive Review
- Development Coalitions
- Dialogue Conferences
- Digital Storytelling
- Discourse Analysis
- Fishbone Diagram
- Focus Groups
- Interviews
- Journaling
- Listening Guide
- Microplanning
- Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue
- Narrative Inquiry
- Organizational Storytelling
- Participatory Monitoring
- Photovoice
- Research Circles
- Search Conference
- Social Audit
- Stakeholder Analysis
- Storytelling
- World Café, The
- Action Learning
- Action Science
- Anti-Oppression Research
- Appreciative Inquiry and Research Methodology
- Appreciative Inquiry and Sustainable Value Creation
- Arts-Based Action Research
- Asset-Based Community Development
- Citizen Science
- Classroom-Based Action Research
- Clinical Inquiry
- Collaborative Action Research
- Collaborative Developmental Action Inquiry
- Collaborative Management Research
- Community-Based Participatory Research
- Community-Based Research
- Comprehensive District Planning
- Co-Operative Inquiry
- Critical Action Learning
- Critical Participatory Action Research
- Critical Utopian Action Research
- Dialogic Inquiry
- Ethnography
- Evaluative Inquiry
- Feminist Participatory Action Research
- First Person Action Research
- Grounded Theory
- Indigenist Research
- Indigenous Research Methods
- Interactive Research
- Intervention Research in Management
- Large-Group Action Research
- Learning History
- Living Life as Inquiry
- Narrative
- Oral History
- Participatory Action Research
- Participatory Design Programming
- Participatory Governance
- Participatory Learning and Action
- Participatory Rapid Appraisal
- Participatory Rural Appraisal
- Participatory Theatre
- Participatory Urban Planning
- Performed Ethnography
- Practice Development
- Practitioner Inquiry
- Pragmatic Action Research
- Process Consultation
- Qualimetrics Intervention Research
- Quantitative Methods
- Reflective Practice
- Second Person Action Research
- Soft Systems Methodology
- Strategic Planning
- Strengths-Based Approach
- Systemic Action Research
- Systems Psychodynamics
- Theatre of the Oppressed
- Third Person Action Research
- Transpersonal Inquiry
- Work-Based Learning
- Youth Participatory Action Research
- Cycles of Action and Reflection
- Data Analysis
- Disseminating Action Research
- Gender Issues
- Generalizability
- Information and Communications Technology and Organizational Change
- Integrating Grounded Theory
- Intersubjectivity
- Meta-Methodology
- Mode 1 and Mode 2 Knowledge Production
- Quality
- Reliability
- Rigour
- Transferability
- Validity
- Antigonish Movement
- Centre for Action Research in Professional Practice
- Collaborative Action Research Network
- Community Design Centres
- Community-University Partnership Programme
- Community-Campus Partnerships for Health
- Community-University Research Partnerships
- Cornell Participatory Action Research Network
- Dig Where You Stand Movement
- Disabled People's Organizations
- Global Alliance for Community-Engaged Research
- Gonogobeshona
- Grameen Bank
- Highlander Research and Education Center
- Institute of Development Studies
- International Council for Adult Education
- International Participatory Research Network
- Jipemoyo Project
- LGBT
- Maya Women of Chajul
- Mondragón Co-Operatives
- Norwegian Industrial Democracy Movement
- Office of Community-Based Research
- Research Initiatives, Bangladesh
- Social Movement Learning Movement
- Society for Participatory Research in Asia
- Tavistock Institute
- Work Research Institute, The
- World Congresses of Action Research
- Action Turn, The
- Aesthetics
- Communitarianism
- Critical Constructivism
- Critical Pedagogy
- Critical Race Theory
- Critical Realism
- Frankfurt School
- Hermeneutics
- Ontology
- Phenomenology
- Philosophy of Science
- Phrónêsis
- Positive Organizational Scholarship and Appreciative Inquiry
- Praxeology
- Praxis
- Téchnê
- Action Anthropology
- Adult Education
- Agriculture and Ecological Integrity
- Community Development
- Criminal Justice Systems
- Design Research
- Development Action Research
- Educational Action Research
- Environment and Climate Change
- Evaluation
- Health Care
- Health Education
- Health Promotion
- Higher Education
- HIV Prevention and Support
- Human Rights
- Information Systems
- Insider Action Research
- Inter-Organizational Action Research
- Labour-Managed Firms
- New Product Development
- Nursing
- Operations Management
- Organization Development
- Participatory Disaster Management
- Project Management
- Regional Development
- Subaltern Studies
- Voluntary Sector
- Workers' Participation in Occupational Health and Safety
- Work-Family Interventions
- Dissertation Writing
- Facilitation
- Supervising Action Research Theses and Dissertations
- Teaching Action Researchers
- Christian Spirituality of Action
- Confucian Principles
- Islamic Practice
- Jewish Belief, Thought and Practice
- Karma Theory
- Liberation Theology
- Mindful Inquiry
- Theological Action Research
- Activity Theory
- Complexity Theory
- Constructivism
- Feminism
- Field Theory
- Humanism
- Liberation Psychology
- Living Theories
- Marxism
- Post-Colonial Theory
- Postmodernism
- Pragmatism
- Relational-Cultural Theory
- Social Constructionism
- Social Learning
- Socio-Technical Systems
- Symbolic Interactionism
- Theories of Action
- Asset Mapping
- Force Field Analysis
- Geographic Information Systems
- Ladder of Inference
- Ladder of Participation
- Learning Pathways Grid
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Research Methods
