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“Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy Outcome Studies”
The article “Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy Outcome Studies,” written by Mary Lee Smith and Gene Glass and published in American Psychologist in 1977, initiated the use of meta-analysis as a statistical tool capable of summarizing the results of numerous studies addressing a single topic. In meta-analysis, individual research studies are identified according to established criteria and treated as a population, with results from each study subjected to coding and entered into a database, where they are statistically analyzed. Smith and Glass pioneered the application of meta-analysis in research related to psychological treatment and education. Their work is considered a major contribution to the scientific literature on psychotherapy and has spurred hundreds of other meta-analytic studies since its publication.
Historical Context
Smith and Glass conducted their research both in ...
- Descriptive Statistics
- Distributions
- Graphical Displays of Data
- Hypothesis Testing
- p Value
- Alternative Hypotheses
- Beta
- Critical Value
- Decision Rule
- Hypothesis
- Nondirectional Hypotheses
- Nonsignificance
- Null Hypothesis
- One-Tailed Test
- Power
- Power Analysis
- Significance Level, Concept of
- Significance Level, Interpretation and Construction
- Significance, Statistical
- Two-Tailed Test
- Type I Error
- Type II Error
- Type III Error
- Important Publications
- “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests”
- “Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait–Multimethod Matrix”
- “Meta-Analysis of Psychotherapy Outcome Studies”
- “On the Theory of Scales of Measurement”
- “Probable Error of a Mean, The”
- “Psychometric Experiments”
- “Sequential Tests of Statistical Hypotheses”
- “Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes, A”
- “Validity”
- Aptitudes and Instructional Methods
- Doctrine of Chances, The
- Logic of Scientific Discovery, The
- Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
- Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests
- Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
- Teoria Statistica Delle Classi e Calcolo Delle Probabilità
- Inferential Statistics
- Q-Statistic
- R2
- Association, Measures of
- Coefficient of Concordance
- Coefficient of Variation
- Coefficients of Correlation, Alienation, and Determination
- Confidence Intervals
- Margin of Error
- Nonparametric Statistics
- Odds Ratio
- Parameters
- Parametric Statistics
- Partial Correlation
- Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
- Polychoric Correlation Coefficient
- Randomization Tests
- Regression Coefficient
- Semipartial Correlation Coefficient
- Spearman Rank Order Correlation
- Standard Error of Estimate
- Standard Error of the Mean
- Student's t Test
- Unbiased Estimator
- Weights
- Item Response Theory
- Mathematical Concepts
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- Reliability of Scores
- Research Design Concepts
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- Cause and Effect
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- Interaction
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- Intervention
- Matching
- Natural Experiments
- Network Analysis
- Placebo
- Replication
- Research
- Research Design Principles
- Treatment(s)
- Triangulation
- Unit of Analysis
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- Research Designs
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- Action Research
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- Block Design
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- Causal-Comparative Design
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- Ex Post Facto Study
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- Laboratory Experiments
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- Data Cleaning
- Delphi Technique
- Evidence-Based Decision Making
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- Follow-Up
- Inference: Deductive and Inductive
- Last Observation Carried Forward
- Planning Research
- Primary Data Source
- Protocol
- Q Methodology
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- Secondary Data Source
- Standardization
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- Critical Thinking
- Ecological Validity
- Experimenter Expectancy Effect
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- Order Effects
- Placebo Effect
- Pretest Sensitization
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- Regression to the Mean
- Selection
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- Cluster Sampling
- Convenience Sampling
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- Error
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- Population
- Probability Sampling
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- Quota Sampling
- Random Sampling
- Random Selection
- Sample
- Sample Size
- Sample Size Planning
- Sampling
- Sampling and Retention of Underrepresented Groups
- Sampling Error
- Stratified Sampling
- Systematic Sampling
- Scaling
- Software Applications
- Statistical Assumptions
- Statistical Concepts
- Autocorrelation
- Biased Estimator
- Cohen's Kappa
- Collinearity
- Correlation
- Criterion Problem
- Critical Difference
- Data Mining
- Data Snooping
- Degrees of Freedom
- Directional Hypothesis
- Disturbance Terms
- Error Rates
- Expected Value
- Fixed-Effects Model
- Inclusion Criteria
- Influence Statistics
- Influential Data Points
- Intraclass Correlation
- Latent Variable
- Likelihood Ratio Statistic
- Loglinear Models
- Main Effects
- Markov Chains
- Method Variance
- Mixed- and Random-Effects Models
- Models
- Multilevel Modeling
- Odds
- Omega Squared
- Orthogonal Comparisons
- Outlier
- Overfitting
- Pooled Variance
- Precision
- Quality Effects Model
- Random-Effects Models
- Regression Artifacts
- Regression Discontinuity
- Residuals
- Restriction of Range
- Robust
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- Rosenthal Effect
- Serial Correlation
- Shrinkage
- Simple Main Effects
- Simpson's Paradox
- Sums of Squares
- Statistical Procedures
- Accuracy in Parameter Estimation
- Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
- Barycentric Discriminant Analysis
- Bivariate Regression
- Bonferroni Procedure
- Bootstrapping
- Canonical Correlation Analysis
- Categorical Data Analysis
- Confirmatory Factor Analysis
- Contrast Analysis
- Descriptive Discriminant Analysis
- Discriminant Analysis
- Dummy Coding
- Effect Coding
- Estimation
- Exploratory Factor Analysis
- Greenhouse–Geisser Correction
- Hierarchical Linear Modeling
- Holm's Sequential Bonferroni Procedure
- Jackknife
- Latent Growth Modeling
- Least Squares, Methods of
- Logistic Regression
- Mean Comparisons
- Missing Data, Imputation of
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- Pairwise Comparisons
- Path Analysis
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- Dunnett's Test
- Fisher's Least Significant Difference Test
- Friedman Test
- Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) Test
- Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
- Kruskal–Wallis Test
- Mann–Whitney U Test
- Mauchly Test
- McNemar's Test
- Multiple Comparison Tests
- Newman–Keuls Test and Tukey Test
- Omnibus Tests
- Scheffé Test
- Sign Test
- Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD)
- Welch's t Test
- Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
- Theories, Laws, and Principles
- Bayes's Theorem
- Central Limit Theorem
- Classical Test Theory
- Correspondence Principle
- Critical Theory
- Falsifiability
- Game Theory
- Gauss–Markov Theorem
- Generalizability Theory
- Grounded Theory
- Item Response Theory
- Occam's Razor
- Paradigm
- Positivism
- Probability, Laws of
- Theory
- Theory of Attitude Measurement
- Weber–Fechner Law
- Types of Variables
- Validity of Scores
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