SAGE Research Methods - Encyclopedia of Epidemiology

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Confounding

By: Sander Greenland
In: Encyclopedia of Epidemiology
Edited by: Sarah Boslaugh

The word confounding has been used to refer to at least three distinct concepts. In the oldest and most widespread usage, confounding is a source of bias in estimating causal effects. This bias is sometimes informally described as a mixing of ...

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  Greenland, S. (2008). Confounding. In S. Boslaugh (Ed.), Encyclopedia of epidemiology (pp. 228-232). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412953948.n89
  
  Greenland, Sander. "Confounding." In Encyclopedia of Epidemiology, edited by Boslaugh, Sarah, 228-32. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2008. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412953948.n89.
  
  Greenland, S. 2008. Confounding. In: Sarah Boslaugh Editor, 2008. Encyclopedia of Epidemiology, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 228-232 Available at: <https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412953948.n89> [Accessed 27 Jun 2022].
  
  Greenland, Sander. "Confounding." Encyclopedia of Epidemiology. Edited by Sarah Boslaugh. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2008, pp. 228-32. SAGE Research Methods. 27 Jun 2022, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412953948.n89.
  
  Greenland, Sander (2008). Confounding In: Boslaugh, Sarah (Ed.),Confounding Encyclopedia of epidemiology Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.; 2008:228-232. doi:10.4135/9781412953948.n89
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