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Confounding
The word confounding has been used to refer to at least three distinct concepts. In the oldest and most widespread usage, confounding is a source of bias in estimating causal effects. This bias is sometimes informally described as a mixing of ...
- Acculturation
- Applied Epidemiology
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Attack Rate
- Administrative Data
- Epidemiology in Developing Countries
- Association, Genetic
- Biomedical Informatics
- Agent Orange
- Budd, William
- American College of Epidemiology
- Allergen
- African American Health Issues
- Additive and Multiplicative Models
- Bioterrorism
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology
- Anxiety Disorders
- Attributable Fractions
- American Cancer Society Cohort Studies
- Ethics in Health Care
- Chromosome
- EuroQoL EQ-5D Questionnaire
- Alcohol Use
- Doll, Richard
- American Public Health Association
- Apgar Score
- Aging, Epidemiology of
- Analysis of Covariance
- Community-Based Participatory Research
- Clinical Epidemiology
- Arthritis
- Biomarkers
- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
- Ethics in Human Subjects Research
- Epigenetics
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Allergen
- Ehrlich, Paul
- Association of Schools of Public Health
- Barker Hypothesis
- American Indian Health Issues
- Analysis of Variance
- Community Health
- Descriptive and Analytic Epidemiology
- Asthma
- Birth Cohort Analysis
- Biomedical Informatics
- Ethics in Public Health
- Family Studies in Genetics
- Formulary, Drug
- Asbestos
- Epidemiology, History of
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Birth Defects
- Asian American/Pacific Islander Health Issues
- Bar Chart
- Community Trial
- Disability Epidemiology
- Autism
- Birth Defects
- Birth Certificate
- Gene
- Functional Status
- Bioterrorism
- Eugenics
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
- Body Mass Index (BMI)
- Breastfeeding
- Bayesian Approach to Statistics
- Cultural Sensitivity
- Disaster Epidemiology
- Avian Flu
- Case-Cohort Studies
- Cancer Registries
- Evidence, Legal Admissibility of Scientific
- Gene-Environment Interaction
- Health Care Delivery
- Child Abuse
- Farr, William
- European Public Health Alliance
- Carcinogen
- Child and Adolescent Health
- Bayes's Theorem
- Demography
- Eco-Epidemiology
- Bipolar Disorder
- Case Definition
- Death Certificate
- Genocide
- Genetic Counseling
- Health Care Services Utilization
- Cholesterol
- Frost, Wade Hampton
- European Union Public Health Programs
- Case Reports and Case Series
- Epidemiology in Developing Countries
- Bias
- Determinants of Health Model
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology
- Bloodborne Diseases
- Case-Fatality Rate
- Framingham Heart Study
- Harm Reduction
- Genetic Disorders
- Health Economics
- Circumcision, Male
- Genocide
- Food and Drug Administration
- Clinical Epidemiology
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Binomial Variable
- Ecological Fallacy
- Field Epidemiology
- Cancer
- Case Reports and Case Series
- Global Burden of Disease Project
- Health, Definitions of
- Genetic Epidemiology
- International Classification of Diseases
- Diabetes
- Goldberger, Joseph
- Governmental Role in Public Health
- Clinical Trials
- Immigrant and Refugee Health Issues
- Birth Cohort Analysis
- Epidemiology in Developing Countries
- Genetic Epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Cohort Effects
- Harvard Six Cities Study
- Health Disparities
- Genetic Markers
- International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
- Drug Abuse and Dependence, Epidemiology of
- Graunt, John
- Healthy People 2010
- Community Health
- Latino Health Issues
- Box-and-Whisker Plot
- EuroQoL EQ-5D Questionnaire
- Injury Epidemiology
- Diabetes
- Community Trial
- Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project
- Informed Consent
- Genomics
- Managed Care
- Eating Disorders
- Hamilton, Alice
- Institutional Review Board
- Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology
- Capture-Recapture Method
- Functional Status
- Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology
- Foodborne Diseases
- Competencies in Applied Epidemiology for Public Health Agencies
- Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set
- Institutional Review Board
- Genotype
- Medicaid
- Emerging Infections
- Hill, Austin Bradford
- Journals, Epidemiological
- Comorbidity
- Men's Health Issues
- Categorical Data, Analysis of
- Genocide
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Gulf War Syndrome
- Cumulative Incidence
- Healthy People 2010
- Tuskegee Study
- Hardy-Weinberg Law
- Medicare
- Escherichia coli
- Jenner, Edward
- Journals, Public Health
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Oral Contraceptives
- Causal Diagrams
- Geographical and Social Influences on Health
- Neuroepidemiology
- Hepatitis
- Direct Standardization
- Honolulu Heart Program
- War
- Heritability
- Partner Notification
- Firearms
- Keys, Ancel
- National Center for Health Statistics
- Effectiveness
- Race and Ethnicity, Measurement Issues With
- Causation and Causal Inference
- Health, Definitions of
- Nutritional Epidemiology
- HIV/AIDS
- Disease Eradication
- Illicit Drug Use, Acquiring Information on
- Human Genome Project
- Quality of Life, Quantification of
- Foodborne Diseases
- Koch, Robert
- National Institutes of Health
- Efficacy
- Race Bridging
- Censored Data
- Health Behavior
- Pharmacoepidemiology
- Hypertension
- Effectiveness
- Medical Expenditure Panel Survey
- Icelandic Genetics Database
- Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB)
- Harm Reduction
- Lind, James
- Pan American Health Organization
- Emerging Infections
- Rural Health Issues
- Central Limit Theorem
- Health Belief Model
- Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Influenza
- Effect Modification and Interaction
- Monitoring the Future Survey
- Linkage Analysis
- SF-36® Health Survey
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Lister, Joseph
- Peer Review Process
- Escherichia coli
- Sexual Minorities, Health Issues of
- Chi-Square Test
- Health Communication
- Reproductive Epidemiology
- Insect-Borne Disease
- Efficacy
- National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Nightingale, Florence
- Publication Bias
- Etiology of Disease
- Urban Health Issues
- Classification and Regression Tree Models
- Health Communication in Developing Countries
- Social Epidemiology
- Malaria
- Emerging Infections
- National Death Index
- Multifactorial Inheritance
- Lead
- Pasteur, Louis
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Women's Health Issues
- Cluster Analysis
- Health Disparities
- Veterinary Epidemiology
- Measles
- Epidemic
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Mutation
- Love Canal
- Public Health, History of
- Society for Epidemiologic Research
- Gestational Age
- Coefficient of Determination
- Health Literacy
- Oral Health
- Etiology of Disease
- National Health Care Survey
- Newborn Screening Programs
- Malnutrition, Measurement of
- Reed, Walter
- Surgeon General, U.S.
- Intent-to-Treat Analysis
- Cohort Effects
- Life Course Approach
- Osteoporosis
- Exposure Assessment
- National Health Interview Survey
- Phenotype
- Mercury
- Ricketts, Howard
- United Nations Children's Fund
- International Classification of Diseases
- Collinearity
- Locus of Control
- Parasitic Diseases
- Fertility, Measures of
- National Immunization Survey
- Teratogen
- Obesity
- Rush, Benjamin
- U.S. Public Health Service
- International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
- Community-Based Participatory Research
- Medical Anthropology
- Plague
- Fetal Death, Measures of
- National Maternal and Infant Health Survey
- Twin Studies
- Oral Contraceptives
- Snow, John
- World Health Organization
- Latency and Incubation Periods
- Community Trial
- Network Analysis
- Polio
- Gestational Age
- National Mortality Followback Survey
- Pain
- Tukey, John
- Life Course Approach
- Confidence Interval
- Participatory Action Research
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Health, Definitions of
- National Survey of Family Growth
- Physical Activity and Health
- Tuskegee Study
- Malnutrition, Measurement of
- Confounding
- Poverty and Health
- Schizophrenia
- Herd Immunity
- Physicians' Health Study
- Pollution
- Medical Anthropology
- Control Group
- Quality of Life, Quantification of
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- Hill's Considerations for Causal Inference
- Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System
- Poverty and Health
- Organ Donation
- Control Variable
- Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Incidence
- Relational Database
- Radiation
- Pain
- Convenience Sample
- Race and Ethnicity, Measurement Issues With
- Sick Building Syndrome
- Indirect Standardization
- Rochester Epidemiology Project
- Sexual Risk Behavior
- Placebo Effect
- Cox Model
- Race Bridging
- Sleep Disorders
- Koch's Postulates
- Sampling Techniques
- Sick Building Syndrome
- Preclinical Phase of Disease
- Critical Value
- Rural Health Issues
- Smallpox
- Life Course Approach
- Secondary Data
- Social Capital and Health
- Preterm Birth
- Cumulative Incidence
- Self-Efficacy
- Suicide
- Life Expectancy
- Spreadsheet
- Social Hierarchy and Health
- Public Health Nursing
- Data Management
- SF-36® Health Survey
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Life Tables
- Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
- Socioeconomic Classification
- Quarantine and Isolation
- Data Transformations
- Social Capital and Health
- Tuberculosis
- Malnutrition, Measurement of
- Spirituality and Health
- Screening
- Decision Analysis
- Social-Cognitive Theory
- Vector-Borne Disease
- Mediating Variable
- Stress
- Vaccination
- Degrees of Freedom
- Social Epidemiology
- Vehicle-Related Injuries
- Migrant Studies
- Teratogen
- Dependent and Independent Variables
- Social Hierarchy and Health
- Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
- Mortality Rates
- Thalidomide
- Diffusion of Innovations
- Social Marketing
- Waterborne Diseases
- Natural Experiment
- Tobacco
- Discriminant Analysis
- Socioeconomic Classification
- Yellow Fever
- Notifiable Disease
- Urban Health Issues
- Dose-Response Relationship
- Spirituality and Health
- Zoonotic Disease
- Outbreak Investigation
- Urban Sprawl
- Doubling Time
- Targeting and Tailoring
- Population Pyramid
- Vehicle-Related Injuries
- Dummy Coding
- Theory of Planned Behavior
- Preclinical Phase of Disease
- Violence as a Public Health Issue
- Dummy Variable
- Transtheoretical Model
- Preterm Birth
- Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
- Ecological Fallacy
- Urban Health Issues
- Prevalence
- War
- Economic Evaluation
- Urban Sprawl
- Prevention: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
- Waterborne Diseases
- Effect Modification and Interaction
- Public Health Surveillance
- Zoonotic Disease
- Factor Analysis
- Qualitative Methods in Epidemiology
- Fisher's Exact Test
- Quarantine and Isolation
- F Test
- Screening
- Geographical and Spatial Analysis
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Graphical Presentation of Data
- Sentinel Health Event
- Halo Effect
- Syndemics
- Hawthorne Effect
- Hazard Rate
- Healthy Worker Effect
- Hill's Considerations for Causal Inference
- Histogram
- Hypothesis Testing
- Inferential and Descriptive Statistics
- Intent-to-Treat Analysis
- Internet Data Collection
- Interquartile Range
- Interrater Reliability
- Intervention Studies
- Interview Techniques
- Kaplan-Meier Method
- Kappa
- Kurtosis
- Latent Class Models
- Life Tables
- Likelihood Ratio
- Likert Scale
- Logistic Regression
- Log-Rank Test
- Longitudinal Research Design
- Matching
- Measurement
- Measures of Association
- Measures of Central Tendency
- Measures of Variability
- Meta-Analysis
- Missing Data Methods
- Multilevel Modeling
- Multiple Comparison Procedures
- Multivariate Analysis of Variance
- Natural Experiment
- Network Analysis
- Nonparametric Statistics
- Normal Distribution
- Null and Alternative Hypotheses
- Observational Studies
- Overmatching
- Panel Data
- Participatory Action Research
- Pearson Correlation Coefficient
- Percentiles
- Person-Time Units
- Pie Chart
- Placebo Effect
- Point Estimate
- Probability Sample
- Program Evaluation
- Propensity Score
- Proportion
- p Value
- Qualitative Methods in Epidemiology
- Quasi Experiments
- Questionnaire Design
- Race Bridging
- Random-Digit Dialing
- Randomization
- Random Variable
- Rate
- Ratio
- Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve
- Regression
- Relational Database
- Reliability
- Response Rate
- Robust Statistics
- Sample Size Calculations and Statistical Power
- Sampling Distribution
- Sampling Techniques
- Scatterplot
- Secondary Data
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequential Analysis
- Simpson's Paradox
- Skewness
- Spreadsheet
- Stem-and-Leaf Plot
- Stratified Methods
- Structural Equation Modeling
- Study Design
- Survival Analysis
- Target Population
- Time Series
- Type I and Type II Errors
- Unit of Analysis
- Validity
- Volunteer Effect
- Z Score
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