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Hill's Considerations for Causal Inference
Austin Bradford Hill's widely cited list of considerations, from his 1965 address to the Royal Society of Medicine, presents factors to consider before inferring causation from an observed association. This list is often erroneously referred to as the “Bradford Hill criteria” ...
- Acculturation
- Applied Epidemiology
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Attack Rate
- Administrative Data
- Epidemiology in Developing Countries
- Association, Genetic
- Biomedical Informatics
- Agent Orange
- Budd, William
- American College of Epidemiology
- Allergen
- African American Health Issues
- Additive and Multiplicative Models
- Bioterrorism
- Chronic Disease Epidemiology
- Anxiety Disorders
- Attributable Fractions
- American Cancer Society Cohort Studies
- Ethics in Health Care
- Chromosome
- EuroQoL EQ-5D Questionnaire
- Alcohol Use
- Doll, Richard
- American Public Health Association
- Apgar Score
- Aging, Epidemiology of
- Analysis of Covariance
- Community-Based Participatory Research
- Clinical Epidemiology
- Arthritis
- Biomarkers
- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
- Ethics in Human Subjects Research
- Epigenetics
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Allergen
- Ehrlich, Paul
- Association of Schools of Public Health
- Barker Hypothesis
- American Indian Health Issues
- Analysis of Variance
- Community Health
- Descriptive and Analytic Epidemiology
- Asthma
- Birth Cohort Analysis
- Biomedical Informatics
- Ethics in Public Health
- Family Studies in Genetics
- Formulary, Drug
- Asbestos
- Epidemiology, History of
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Birth Defects
- Asian American/Pacific Islander Health Issues
- Bar Chart
- Community Trial
- Disability Epidemiology
- Autism
- Birth Defects
- Birth Certificate
- Gene
- Functional Status
- Bioterrorism
- Eugenics
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists
- Body Mass Index (BMI)
- Breastfeeding
- Bayesian Approach to Statistics
- Cultural Sensitivity
- Disaster Epidemiology
- Avian Flu
- Case-Cohort Studies
- Cancer Registries
- Evidence, Legal Admissibility of Scientific
- Gene-Environment Interaction
- Health Care Delivery
- Child Abuse
- Farr, William
- European Public Health Alliance
- Carcinogen
- Child and Adolescent Health
- Bayes's Theorem
- Demography
- Eco-Epidemiology
- Bipolar Disorder
- Case Definition
- Death Certificate
- Genocide
- Genetic Counseling
- Health Care Services Utilization
- Cholesterol
- Frost, Wade Hampton
- European Union Public Health Programs
- Case Reports and Case Series
- Epidemiology in Developing Countries
- Bias
- Determinants of Health Model
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology
- Bloodborne Diseases
- Case-Fatality Rate
- Framingham Heart Study
- Harm Reduction
- Genetic Disorders
- Health Economics
- Circumcision, Male
- Genocide
- Food and Drug Administration
- Clinical Epidemiology
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Binomial Variable
- Ecological Fallacy
- Field Epidemiology
- Cancer
- Case Reports and Case Series
- Global Burden of Disease Project
- Health, Definitions of
- Genetic Epidemiology
- International Classification of Diseases
- Diabetes
- Goldberger, Joseph
- Governmental Role in Public Health
- Clinical Trials
- Immigrant and Refugee Health Issues
- Birth Cohort Analysis
- Epidemiology in Developing Countries
- Genetic Epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Cohort Effects
- Harvard Six Cities Study
- Health Disparities
- Genetic Markers
- International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
- Drug Abuse and Dependence, Epidemiology of
- Graunt, John
- Healthy People 2010
- Community Health
- Latino Health Issues
- Box-and-Whisker Plot
- EuroQoL EQ-5D Questionnaire
- Injury Epidemiology
- Diabetes
- Community Trial
- Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project
- Informed Consent
- Genomics
- Managed Care
- Eating Disorders
- Hamilton, Alice
- Institutional Review Board
- Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology
- Capture-Recapture Method
- Functional Status
- Maternal and Child Health Epidemiology
- Foodborne Diseases
- Competencies in Applied Epidemiology for Public Health Agencies
- Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set
- Institutional Review Board
- Genotype
- Medicaid
- Emerging Infections
- Hill, Austin Bradford
- Journals, Epidemiological
- Comorbidity
- Men's Health Issues
- Categorical Data, Analysis of
- Genocide
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Gulf War Syndrome
- Cumulative Incidence
- Healthy People 2010
- Tuskegee Study
- Hardy-Weinberg Law
- Medicare
- Escherichia coli
- Jenner, Edward
- Journals, Public Health
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Oral Contraceptives
- Causal Diagrams
- Geographical and Social Influences on Health
- Neuroepidemiology
- Hepatitis
- Direct Standardization
- Honolulu Heart Program
- War
- Heritability
- Partner Notification
- Firearms
- Keys, Ancel
- National Center for Health Statistics
- Effectiveness
- Race and Ethnicity, Measurement Issues With
- Causation and Causal Inference
- Health, Definitions of
- Nutritional Epidemiology
- HIV/AIDS
- Disease Eradication
- Illicit Drug Use, Acquiring Information on
- Human Genome Project
- Quality of Life, Quantification of
- Foodborne Diseases
- Koch, Robert
- National Institutes of Health
- Efficacy
- Race Bridging
- Censored Data
- Health Behavior
- Pharmacoepidemiology
- Hypertension
- Effectiveness
- Medical Expenditure Panel Survey
- Icelandic Genetics Database
- Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB)
- Harm Reduction
- Lind, James
- Pan American Health Organization
- Emerging Infections
- Rural Health Issues
- Central Limit Theorem
- Health Belief Model
- Psychiatric Epidemiology
- Influenza
- Effect Modification and Interaction
- Monitoring the Future Survey
- Linkage Analysis
- SF-36® Health Survey
- Hormone Replacement Therapy
- Lister, Joseph
- Peer Review Process
- Escherichia coli
- Sexual Minorities, Health Issues of
- Chi-Square Test
- Health Communication
- Reproductive Epidemiology
- Insect-Borne Disease
- Efficacy
- National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Intimate Partner Violence
- Nightingale, Florence
- Publication Bias
- Etiology of Disease
- Urban Health Issues
- Classification and Regression Tree Models
- Health Communication in Developing Countries
- Social Epidemiology
- Malaria
- Emerging Infections
- National Death Index
- Multifactorial Inheritance
- Lead
- Pasteur, Louis
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Evidence-Based Medicine
- Women's Health Issues
- Cluster Analysis
- Health Disparities
- Veterinary Epidemiology
- Measles
- Epidemic
- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Mutation
- Love Canal
- Public Health, History of
- Society for Epidemiologic Research
- Gestational Age
- Coefficient of Determination
- Health Literacy
- Oral Health
- Etiology of Disease
- National Health Care Survey
- Newborn Screening Programs
- Malnutrition, Measurement of
- Reed, Walter
- Surgeon General, U.S.
- Intent-to-Treat Analysis
- Cohort Effects
- Life Course Approach
- Osteoporosis
- Exposure Assessment
- National Health Interview Survey
- Phenotype
- Mercury
- Ricketts, Howard
- United Nations Children's Fund
- International Classification of Diseases
- Collinearity
- Locus of Control
- Parasitic Diseases
- Fertility, Measures of
- National Immunization Survey
- Teratogen
- Obesity
- Rush, Benjamin
- U.S. Public Health Service
- International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
- Community-Based Participatory Research
- Medical Anthropology
- Plague
- Fetal Death, Measures of
- National Maternal and Infant Health Survey
- Twin Studies
- Oral Contraceptives
- Snow, John
- World Health Organization
- Latency and Incubation Periods
- Community Trial
- Network Analysis
- Polio
- Gestational Age
- National Mortality Followback Survey
- Pain
- Tukey, John
- Life Course Approach
- Confidence Interval
- Participatory Action Research
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Health, Definitions of
- National Survey of Family Growth
- Physical Activity and Health
- Tuskegee Study
- Malnutrition, Measurement of
- Confounding
- Poverty and Health
- Schizophrenia
- Herd Immunity
- Physicians' Health Study
- Pollution
- Medical Anthropology
- Control Group
- Quality of Life, Quantification of
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- Hill's Considerations for Causal Inference
- Pregnancy Risk Assessment and Monitoring System
- Poverty and Health
- Organ Donation
- Control Variable
- Quality of Well-Being Scale (QWB)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Incidence
- Relational Database
- Radiation
- Pain
- Convenience Sample
- Race and Ethnicity, Measurement Issues With
- Sick Building Syndrome
- Indirect Standardization
- Rochester Epidemiology Project
- Sexual Risk Behavior
- Placebo Effect
- Cox Model
- Race Bridging
- Sleep Disorders
- Koch's Postulates
- Sampling Techniques
- Sick Building Syndrome
- Preclinical Phase of Disease
- Critical Value
- Rural Health Issues
- Smallpox
- Life Course Approach
- Secondary Data
- Social Capital and Health
- Preterm Birth
- Cumulative Incidence
- Self-Efficacy
- Suicide
- Life Expectancy
- Spreadsheet
- Social Hierarchy and Health
- Public Health Nursing
- Data Management
- SF-36® Health Survey
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Life Tables
- Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
- Socioeconomic Classification
- Quarantine and Isolation
- Data Transformations
- Social Capital and Health
- Tuberculosis
- Malnutrition, Measurement of
- Spirituality and Health
- Screening
- Decision Analysis
- Social-Cognitive Theory
- Vector-Borne Disease
- Mediating Variable
- Stress
- Vaccination
- Degrees of Freedom
- Social Epidemiology
- Vehicle-Related Injuries
- Migrant Studies
- Teratogen
- Dependent and Independent Variables
- Social Hierarchy and Health
- Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
- Mortality Rates
- Thalidomide
- Diffusion of Innovations
- Social Marketing
- Waterborne Diseases
- Natural Experiment
- Tobacco
- Discriminant Analysis
- Socioeconomic Classification
- Yellow Fever
- Notifiable Disease
- Urban Health Issues
- Dose-Response Relationship
- Spirituality and Health
- Zoonotic Disease
- Outbreak Investigation
- Urban Sprawl
- Doubling Time
- Targeting and Tailoring
- Population Pyramid
- Vehicle-Related Injuries
- Dummy Coding
- Theory of Planned Behavior
- Preclinical Phase of Disease
- Violence as a Public Health Issue
- Dummy Variable
- Transtheoretical Model
- Preterm Birth
- Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
- Ecological Fallacy
- Urban Health Issues
- Prevalence
- War
- Economic Evaluation
- Urban Sprawl
- Prevention: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
- Waterborne Diseases
- Effect Modification and Interaction
- Public Health Surveillance
- Zoonotic Disease
- Factor Analysis
- Qualitative Methods in Epidemiology
- Fisher's Exact Test
- Quarantine and Isolation
- F Test
- Screening
- Geographical and Spatial Analysis
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Graphical Presentation of Data
- Sentinel Health Event
- Halo Effect
- Syndemics
- Hawthorne Effect
- Hazard Rate
- Healthy Worker Effect
- Hill's Considerations for Causal Inference
- Histogram
- Hypothesis Testing
- Inferential and Descriptive Statistics
- Intent-to-Treat Analysis
- Internet Data Collection
- Interquartile Range
- Interrater Reliability
- Intervention Studies
- Interview Techniques
- Kaplan-Meier Method
- Kappa
- Kurtosis
- Latent Class Models
- Life Tables
- Likelihood Ratio
- Likert Scale
- Logistic Regression
- Log-Rank Test
- Longitudinal Research Design
- Matching
- Measurement
- Measures of Association
- Measures of Central Tendency
- Measures of Variability
- Meta-Analysis
- Missing Data Methods
- Multilevel Modeling
- Multiple Comparison Procedures
- Multivariate Analysis of Variance
- Natural Experiment
- Network Analysis
- Nonparametric Statistics
- Normal Distribution
- Null and Alternative Hypotheses
- Observational Studies
- Overmatching
- Panel Data
- Participatory Action Research
- Pearson Correlation Coefficient
- Percentiles
- Person-Time Units
- Pie Chart
- Placebo Effect
- Point Estimate
- Probability Sample
- Program Evaluation
- Propensity Score
- Proportion
- p Value
- Qualitative Methods in Epidemiology
- Quasi Experiments
- Questionnaire Design
- Race Bridging
- Random-Digit Dialing
- Randomization
- Random Variable
- Rate
- Ratio
- Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve
- Regression
- Relational Database
- Reliability
- Response Rate
- Robust Statistics
- Sample Size Calculations and Statistical Power
- Sampling Distribution
- Sampling Techniques
- Scatterplot
- Secondary Data
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequential Analysis
- Simpson's Paradox
- Skewness
- Spreadsheet
- Stem-and-Leaf Plot
- Stratified Methods
- Structural Equation Modeling
- Study Design
- Survival Analysis
- Target Population
- Time Series
- Type I and Type II Errors
- Unit of Analysis
- Validity
- Volunteer Effect
- Z Score
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